Waste Management

The waste management system in Pakistan is less then satisfactory as there is a lack of landfills. Instead, it is common for people to illegally dump their waste throughout the country. There is lack of concern for waste management/treatment systems and therefore,the safety of the environment is not a topic of concern. Hazardous waste producing institutions including scientific and medical ones generally do not have the budget to use incinerators so hazardous waste is just dumped in areas such as low-lying areas and ditches or even just the side of the road. The incinerators that are used are run down and aren't maintained well. Overall, environmental and health safety is not a top priority in country.
The challenges of waste disposal are that there is basically nowhere to put the waste. Therefore, urban groundwater is polluted. Toxic waste is dumped in municipal waste disposal areas, contaminating the ground and people that it comes in contact with. Human waste isn't even treated properly as there are barely three somewhat functional sewage treatment plants. The rest of the sewage is used in agriculture. People are eating vegetables that have been watered by human fecal matter.
To improve waste management in Pakistan, the government needs to actually spend money on protecting the health and cleanliness of their country. Approximately 1.3% of Pakistan's budget is used for health purposes.This seems incredibly low as 23.1% of their money is spent on Military. Pakistan needs to invest in more properly functional incinerators, landfills, and sewage treatment plants for the safety and livability of their country.

5 themes of the environment

1) Location
 Includes absolute (longitude and latitude) and relative ( in relation to another place) location

the absolute location of Pakistan is on the coordinates, 33.6667° N, 73.1667° E
the relative location of Pakistan is in South Asia where it is bordered by Iran, Afghanistan, India, and the Arabian Sea

2) Human Interaction
The relationship between humans and their environment,
Ex. In Pakistan, humans mine the lithosphere to extract minerals and earn money

3) Movement
Includes movement of ideas, goods, and people ( travel)       
Ex. Pakistan transports it's petroleum to other countries

4)Region
An area with unifying characteristics
Ex. Pakistan's three main areas are the northern highlands, the plains, and the plateau.

5)Place
Includes human( housing and industry) and physical characteristics (land and resources)
Ex. Pakistan has a varying landscape of flat and elevated/steep ground. Some of its resources include coal, precious gems, and salt. Housing is generally low cost and its largest industry is cotton/textile production. 

Super Cyclone Gonu

Super Cyclone Gonu was one of the most powerful cyclones to be recorded in the middle east. Formed on January 1, 2007,  the category-five hurricane unleashed wind speeds reaching 240 kilometers per hour
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The aftermath of this cyclone was devastating as including 37 missing persons, there were 78 fatalities recorded. Thousands were left homeless and waterlogged cars lay scattered and upturned on the demolished street. Off of the destroyed coast of Pakistan,fishing ships were reported to have been stranded and damaged. Economic impact included a spike in oil prices due to the storm's interference with oil shipping and gas prices increased due to the damming of Sur's large gas terminal. As of the biosphere, plants were waterlogged and dead, animals were killed, and so were humans. The lithosphere had also been altered due to flooding. The hydrosphere impact was the enormous amount of precipitation.

Weather and climate questions

1. Rays from the sun
2. There is more direct sunlight in contact with the earth in the equatorial regions which results in radiation and warmth.
3. Albedo: refracted solar energy that bounces off the earth’s reflective surface and enters space. A snow covered mountain would absorb less radiation as its reflectivity would cause sun rays to bounce off of it
4. Laps Rate: rate at which the temperature of the atmosphere lowers with higher altitudesex. Elevated mountains are cold. Flat deserts are hot.

5. Aspect: Compass direction of where a slope faces. The north side is a better area for plants.

6 The earth’s axis is tilted. When the axis tilts towards the sun, it is summer and as it tilts away from the sun, winter occurs.

7. Water has the higher albedo so it will take longer to heat up than less reflective land.

8. Because the parries are far away from water, the land absorbs the most heat and therefore has the capacity to be much warmer than coastal areas.

9. Water is cooled in the atlantic from arctic winds which results in higher salt concentration and density. As this stream of cold, dense water moves to the equator it is warmed. The gulf stream is the force that moves warm water from the Equator to the Atlantic.

10. The California Current runs past BC

11. Extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will result in the greenhouse affect, causing the earth to be warmer.

12. Convection: Vertical transport of atmospheric properties

13. Movement of air due to pressure difference in the atmosphere

14. Urban heat island: metropolitan area where man-made factors including land modification cause it to have a significantly warmer temperature.